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International audience ; The agroecological transition of the agricultural systems of production is a complex process which implies technical and social changes. Taking for example the Semi-arid Brazilian region, and more particularly the region of Agreste of Paraiba, a Borborema, we analyze the trajectory of agroecological transition, that begun more than 20 years ago, from theories of the social and territorial innovation. The agroecological transition led in fact to a social change intended to satisfy the basic human needs for the most weakened populations. It implied processes of learning, transformations of the social relations and consolidation of the social networks as well as a modification of conditions of governance of the development and regions, to support social integration and political insertion of the peasants. Innovations are anchored in the territory, understood like a space of construction of a collective identity, of debate and institutionalization of the agroecological transition processes. Consequently, it implies a unit of technical, social and institutional innovations. To support these innovations, a new reading of the socio-productive practices and experiments carried out in these three dimensions is necessary. We insist thus on the fact that the agroecological transition is not summarized with changes of the technical standards.

International audience ; The agroecological transition of the agricultural systems of production is a complex process which implies technical and social changes. Taking for example the Semi-arid Brazilian region, and more particularly the region of Agreste of Paraiba, a Borborema, we analyze the trajectory of agroecological transition, that begun more than 20 years ago, from theories of the social and territorial innovation. The agroecological transition led in fact to a social change intended to satisfy the basic human needs for the most weakened populations. It implied processes of learning, transformations of the social relations and consolidation of the social networks as well as a modification of conditions of governance of the development and regions, to support social integration and political insertion of the peasants. Innovations are anchored in the territory, understood like a space of construction of a collective identity, of debate and institutionalization of the agroecological transition processes. Consequently, it implies a unit of technical, social and institutional innovations. To support these innovations, a new reading of the socio-productive practices and experiments carried out in these three dimensions is necessary. We insist thus on the fact that the agroecological transition is not summarized with changes of the technical standards.

International audience ; The agroecological transition of the agricultural systems of production is a complex process which implies technical and social changes. Taking for example the Semi-arid Brazilian region, and more particularly the region of Agreste of Paraiba, a Borborema, we analyze the trajectory of agroecological transition, that begun more than 20 years ago, from theories of the social and territorial innovation. The agroecological transition led in fact to a social change intended to satisfy the basic human needs for the most weakened populations. It implied processes of learning, transformations of the social relations and consolidation of the social networks as well as a modification of conditions of governance of the development and regions, to support social integration and political insertion of the peasants. Innovations are anchored in the territory, understood like a space of construction of a collective identity, of debate and institutionalization of the agroecological transition processes. Consequently, it implies a unit of technical, social and institutional innovations. To support these innovations, a new reading of the socio-productive practices and experiments carried out in these three dimensions is necessary. We insist thus on the fact that the agroecological transition is not summarized with changes of the technical standards.

International audience ; In recent years, peasant communities and family farmers' organisations have developed new forms of collective action among smallholders in NorthEast Brazil. This paper analyses the origins, emergence, and impact of these local and regional initiatives as well as their relations with peasant social movements and with public institutions. These smallholders groups constitute collective systems for the management of natural resources (water, grazing, forest, seeds and bio-diversity) and/or the production of public assets (information, training, access to innovation and to specific markets). In the Northeast, particularly in the State of Paraíba, their experience has mobilised social and professional networks among civil society and led to demands in hybrid forums for public recognition or, better, public support from State institutions. The authors analyse the first lessons from, and the limitations of, these new forms of interaction between peasant collective action and State public action. This movement is related to the decentralisation process underway in Brazil and the first inter-municipal initiatives. There is a risk that civil society might substitute for the State in the performance of its functions; but the public obligations of these collective stakeholders also ensure locally adapted responses to the complexity and specificity of public policies. The new government has staked its programs on civilsociety participation. But we can already observe some tensions between the government, social movements and local politicians. In a political system with elections every two years, it is difficult to maintain participatory processes that require longer periods for concrete results. ; Des agriculteurs du Nordeste ont développé ces dernières années de nouvelles formes d'action collective au niveau des communautés paysannes et des organisations professionnelles agricoles. L'article analyse l'origine, les facteurs d'émergence et l'impact de ces initiatives locales ou régionales ainsi que leurs relations avec les mouvements sociaux et avec l'État. Ces nouveaux acteurs ou ces nouvelles pratiques correspondent principale-ment à des dispositifs collectifs de gestion de ressources naturelles (eau, pâturages, semences) et/ou de production de biens publics : formation, information, innovation, accès à des marchés spécifiques. L'article tire quelques leçons de ces expériences.

International audience ; In recent years, peasant communities and family farmers' organisations have developed new forms of collective action among smallholders in NorthEast Brazil. This paper analyses the origins, emergence, and impact of these local and regional initiatives as well as their relations with peasant social movements and with public institutions. These smallholders groups constitute collective systems for the management of natural resources (water, grazing, forest, seeds and bio-diversity) and/or the production of public assets (information, training, access to innovation and to specific markets). In the Northeast, particularly in the State of Paraíba, their experience has mobilised social and professional networks among civil society and led to demands in hybrid forums for public recognition or, better, public support from State institutions. The authors analyse the first lessons from, and the limitations of, these new forms of interaction between peasant collective action and State public action. This movement is related to the decentralisation process underway in Brazil and the first inter-municipal initiatives. There is a risk that civil society might substitute for the State in the performance of its functions; but the public obligations of these collective stakeholders also ensure locally adapted responses to the complexity and specificity of public policies. The new government has staked its programs on civilsociety participation. But we can already observe some tensions between the government, social movements and local politicians. In a political system with elections every two years, it is difficult to maintain participatory processes that require longer periods for concrete results. ; Des agriculteurs du Nordeste ont développé ces dernières années de nouvelles formes d'action collective au niveau des communautés paysannes et des organisations professionnelles agricoles. L'article analyse l'origine, les facteurs d'émergence et l'impact de ces initiatives locales ou régionales ainsi que ...

O presente trabalho pretende discutir – a partir de experiências e pesquisas realizadas na região semi-árida da Paraíba – a importância das iniciativas organizacionais para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento local. A discussão enfoca um aspecto particular: a relação entre iniciativas de ordem organizacional e as relações camponesas de reciprocidade Esta problemática se mostra extremamente relevante se considerarmos, por um lado, que as comunidades rurais do semi-árido nordestino são permeadas por laços sociais tradicionais de reciprocidade, solidariedade e confiança que constituem o alicerce de todo um processo de sociabilidade; e, por outro, a importância da organização para um desenvolvimento rural autônomo e sustentável. O artigo pretende mostrar como o resgate dessas relações tradicionais de reciprocidade pode, ao mesmo tempo, ancorar a organização numa tradição ainda viva, mas também enfraquecê-la na medida em que permanecem relações hierárquicas herdadas do passado.

International audience ; Le cas étudié rapporte l´expérience du « Collectif Régional du Cariri, Seridó et Curimataú », un réseau d´environ 300 communautés rurales de dix communes situées dans la région semi-aride de la Paraíba (Brésil nord-est), que nous accompagnons dès le début des années 1990, et dans lequel les familles agricultrices expérimentent, em dialogue avec leurs conseillers, diverses techniques simples et peu coûteuses, souvent adaptées ou inspirées par les savoirs ancestraux et répondant aux nécessités qu´ils rencontrent (réservoirs d´eaux, clotures, utilisation de la végétation locale pour l´alimentation animale ou plantes médicinales etc.). Ces communautés exercent également la gestion collective des ressources, découvrent leurs capacités, ce qui renforce leur auto-estime et, à travers les échanges de réflexions, se libèrent de la dépendance de l´oligarchie dominante. Il s´agit du segment le plus pauvre de la société (les agriculteurs familiaux) de la région la plus problématique du Brésil (le nord-est semi-aride) ; problématique par ses conditions naturelles et par son histoire, marquée par la concentration foncière et la domination de l´oligarchie locale qui maintient son pouvoir en distribuant ses « faveurs » (comme la distribution d´eau par camion-citerne en cas de sécheresse) en échange de votes. Le fait que les propositions aient été construites sur la base d´expériences bien réussies a été fondamental pour la durabilité du développement ainsi amorcé. Ces expériences ont été proposées au gouvernement et assumées comme politiques publiques. Ces expériences bien réussies renforcent l´auto-estime des agriculteurs et leurs initiatives.

International audience ; Le cas étudié rapporte l´expérience du « Collectif Régional du Cariri, Seridó et Curimataú », un réseau d´environ 300 communautés rurales de dix communes situées dans la région semi-aride de la Paraíba (Brésil nord-est), que nous accompagnons dès le début des années 1990, et dans lequel les familles agricultrices expérimentent, em dialogue avec leurs conseillers, diverses techniques simples et peu coûteuses, souvent adaptées ou inspirées par les savoirs ancestraux et répondant aux nécessités qu´ils rencontrent (réservoirs d´eaux, clotures, utilisation de la végétation locale pour l´alimentation animale ou plantes médicinales etc.). Ces communautés exercent également la gestion collective des ressources, découvrent leurs capacités, ce qui renforce leur auto-estime et, à travers les échanges de réflexions, se libèrent de la dépendance de l´oligarchie dominante. Il s´agit du segment le plus pauvre de la société (les agriculteurs familiaux) de la région la plus problématique du Brésil (le nord-est semi-aride) ; problématique par ses conditions naturelles et par son histoire, marquée par la concentration foncière et la domination de l´oligarchie locale qui maintient son pouvoir en distribuant ses « faveurs » (comme la distribution d´eau par camion-citerne en cas de sécheresse) en échange de votes. Le fait que les propositions aient été construites sur la base d´expériences bien réussies a été fondamental pour la durabilité du développement ainsi amorcé. Ces expériences ont été proposées au gouvernement et assumées comme politiques publiques. Ces expériences bien réussies renforcent l´auto-estime des agriculteurs et leurs initiatives.